5-Russia

=Russia, 1750-1914=

=Political: //Kriz Villapando//=
 * 1480 - __Ivan III__ declare Russia free of Mongol Rule → He + later, __Ivan IV__ (grandson) = establish absolute rule in Russia → Ivan IV = Ivan the Terrible, tsar, ruled under reign of terror → death of Ivan IV - feudal lords battled over who should rule empire → 1613 - __Michael Romanov__ elected tsar → Romanov Dynasty adds stability to empire → __Peter the Great__ (ruled 1682-1725) came to power - convinced needed to westernize Russia: men shave beards, women in western fashion → then __Catherine the Great__, tsarina (ruled 1762-1796) = open with reforms → Reforming Tsars = sought to strengthen Russia by remodeling along western European lines→ //Peter and Catherine positioned Russia for engagement with rest of world, particularly Western// → w/ French Rev., //Catherine fear change = rebellion so limited western Euro. influence and reform program = abandoned// → nineteenth-century tsars //determined to preserve Russia's status as great land power so embarked on reform (faced with challenges on foreign and domestic fronts *agrarian societies = mil. weaker than industrializing lands)// → __Crimean War__ - (//maintained tradition of conquest and expansion b/c respected and feared military power//) - but, military defeat so tsarist autocracy = //reevaluate Russion social order and undertake extensive restructuring program// → __Tsar Alexander II__ (reigned 1855-1881) - emancipation of serfs → //gov. sought to balance interests of lords and serfs// → Gov. create __zemstvos__/legal reform/revision of judiciary system → repression and revolution: __intelligentsia, terrorism__ (__Land and Freedom Party, Nicholas II, Russo-Japanese war__) - //forced gov. to make concessions// (__Duma__)

=Economic: Kriz Villapando=
 * By late eighteenth century Russia = different position than beginning of century - //expansions lead to//: sea access w/ Baltic/Black seas, additional resources (although strained labor sources) → Nineteenth century = industrialization → __Count Sergei Witte__ and policies //to stimulate economic development// - Trans-Siberian railway/remodel of state bank/encouragement of savings banks → //attention more towards industry as opposed to agriculture due to westernized economy//

=Religious=

=Social=

=Intellectual:=
 * In Russia, the Enlightenment only reached those of a privileged intellectual elite
 * staring with Peter, schooling moved into secular education. Catherine continued this and also expanded it.
 * Catherine supported less technology and more philosophy, and so her subjcts followed

=(Technology):=
 * influence from the west helped gather new sciences and other knowledge
 * farming methods became dependent upon the labor of unfree surfs
 * when tsar Peter ruled, he wanted more technology on sgipbuilding and navigation skills

=Near Geographic:=
 * Russia went into a period of great eastern expansion to a point where Russia was growing an estimated 50 per. sq. mi. a day
 * Russia gained Alaska, Manchuria, Ukraine, land from the Ottomans, and much more
 * Russia become the largest country