Analyze+the+development+of+the+English+and+Ottoman+Empires.

 =__Thesis :   __=


Politically and economically, the Ottoman and English empires both retained the system of capitalism and the rule of monarchies. However, the religious beliefs of the Ottoman empire was Islamic while the English placed their faith in the Protestant church.

=**__English Empire __** = 

**Centralization of Government:**
<span style="color: rgb(85, 226, 54)">- fuedal system centralized - Monarchy: King Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, King Charles I, and King James II - King Henry VIII: dissolved monastreris & confiscated church wealth in England - Queen Elizabeth: the Golden Age - Parliamentary forces executed King Charles I in 1649 & desposed King James II in 1699 & established parliamentary superemacy in Engilsh politics - Charles I signed Petition of Right (limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment) - English Bill of Rights [1689] : signed by William and Mary (son and daughter-in-law of James II) - Parliment [a.k.a. Long Parliment] limited the absolute powers of the monarchy - Seven Years' War [1756-1763] : France, Austria, and Russia vs. England and Prussia. Set the stage for British Imperial hegemony. - English state recognized individuals' rights to possess private property, enforced thier contracts, protected thier financial intrests, and settled disputes between parties to business transactions. <span style="color: rgb(255, 193, 0)">

<span style="color: rgb(255, 193, 0)">Capitalism:
<span style="color: rgb(255, 193, 0)">- an economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market & seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities - Imperial expansion and colonial rule was crucial to the development of capitalism - led to new technologies (industrial revolution) - Introduction of supply and demand - New Instutitions : banks, stock exchange(s), etc.... - Joint-Stock Companies: the English East India Company which took advantage of extensive communications & transportation networks - Putting-out System: delivery of unfinished materials to rural households; represented an early effort to efficient industrial production - Capitalism contributes to start of Columbian Exchange and Slave Trade - Wealthy merchant played prominent role in political affairs <span style="color: rgb(250, 125, 56)">

<span style="color: rgb(250, 125, 56)">The Protestant Reformation:
<span style="color: rgb(255, 121, 77)">- The invention of the printing press makes it easier for Luther to spread ideas with out violence <span style="color: rgb(250, 125, 56)">- Martin Luther: expressed unhappiness in sale of indulgences; attacked the Roman church for a wide variety of abuses and called for a through reform of Christendom; translated bible into vernacular languages (specifically german) - King Henry VIII: came into conflict with the pope (The Great Skism); made himself Supreme Head of the Anglican Church -1560: England permantly leave the Roman Catholic community - Religious Wars: Protestant Queen Elizabeth defeats the Spanish Armada (spain was trying to force England to return to the Roman Catholic Church) <span style="color: rgb(233, 7, 7)">

<span style="color: rgb(233, 7, 7)">The Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment:
<span style="color: rgb(233, 7, 7)">- Isaac Newton: an English mathematician who created three laws of universal gravitation and motion that enabled him and others to synthesize the sciences of astronomy and mechanics; also allowed for explanations of phenomena such as tides and the eccentric orbit of planets and comets - English philosopher John Locke: sought to identify the principles of physclogy & argued that all human knowledge comes from sense perceptions. His ideas led the French and American revolutions. They led to nationalistic uprisings, to compete for freedom. - Nicolaus Copernicus: published treatise //On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres// which stated that the sun rather than the earth stood at the center of the universe and that planets revolved around the sun; this clashed with religious beliefs and prevailing scientific theories - the scientific revolution and the enlightenment led to many scholars turning to atheism (belief that there is no God) and deism (belief a powerful god set the universe in motion and established natural laws that govern it, but did not take a personal interest in its development or intervene in its affairs) <span style="color: rgb(192, 10, 245)">

<span style="color: rgb(143, 1, 244)">Colonization:
<span style="color: rgb(233, 7, 7)"> <span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 235)">- 1607: English migrants establish Jamestown in North America - Winter of 1609-1610: only 60 of 500 people in Jamestown survive food storages and disease; some settlers were so deaperate for food in Jamestown that they turned to canablism - 1630: English migrants establish Massachusetts Bay colony - 1664: English seize New Amsterdam from Dutch and rechristen it New York - English established colonies along the east coast of the present-day United States - English colonies were always subject to royal authority - To justify taking new land the English used legal cover (such as negotiating treaties with the people whose land they colonized) and using it "more productively" than natives - conflicts arose between english settlers and native peoples - used indentured labor system and eventually switched to slave use - first to colonize Australia (as a penal colony)

<span style="color: rgb(37, 159, 208)">
=<span style="color: rgb(37, 159, 208)">**__Ottoman Empire__** = <span style="color: rgb(37, 159, 208)"><span style="color: rgb(17, 5, 143)"> <span style="color: rgb(37, 159, 208)"><span style="color: rgb(17, 5, 143)"> ==<span style="color: rgb(145, 31, 209)"><span style="color: rgb(124, 22, 187)">Osman... == <span style="color: rgb(232, 36, 235)">- the ottoman empire was started by Osman Bey (bey means cheif) a seminomadic turk - main goal of Osman and his followers was to become //ghazi// [muslim religious warroirs] <span style="color: rgb(232, 36, 235)">

<span style="color: rgb(249, 1, 1)">Ottoman Expansion...
<span style="color: rgb(237, 77, 255)"> <span style="color: rgb(252, 3, 81)">- expansion of the empire actually began before 1450 - 1326: first great victory, capture of the Anatolian city of Bursa - Bursa became major commercial and intellectual center <span style="color: rgb(252, 3, 81)">

<span style="color: rgb(242, 114, 2)">Military....
<span style="color: rgb(246, 118, 9)"><span style="color: rgb(250, 181, 112)">- <span style="color: rgb(251, 161, 65)"><span style="color: rgb(246, 118, 9)"> Military drive behind expansion - organized //ghazi// into 2 forces : 1.light calvary 2. volunteer infantry - as empire grew a professional calvary armed with heavy armor was added - through institution of //devshirme// ottomans got young christian boys to become "slaves to the sultan" and fight (es <span style="color: rgb(251, 161, 65)"><span style="color: rgb(246, 118, 9)">sentially they were slave troops) - the boys became known as janissaries : recieved special training, learned turkish, and converted to islam - janissaries quickly became known for "esprit de corps" [loyality to the sultan] and willingness to try using new weapons/military technology - outfitted soldiers with gunpowder weapons [guns, cannons, etc...] <span style="color: rgb(251, 161, 65)"><span style="color: rgb(246, 118, 9)">

<span style="color: rgb(5, 168, 39)">Mehmed the Conqueror...
<span style="color: rgb(9, 251, 186)"><span style="color: rgb(10, 189, 85)">- reigned 1451-1481 - captured Constantinople in 1453 [renamed it Istanbul] - made Istanbul new capital - worked hard to stimulate Istanbul as a commercial center - laid the foundation for tightly centralized, absolute monarchy - completed the conquest of Serbia - decreed the a ruler could legally kill off his brothers after gaining the throne <span style="color: rgb(9, 251, 186)"><span style="color: rgb(10, 189, 85)">

<span style="color: rgb(4, 11, 241)">Suleyman the Magnificant...
<span style="color: rgb(251, 161, 65)"><span style="color: rgb(61, 190, 250)">- reigned 1520-1566 - ottoman imperialism reached its peak under him - 1543 : captured Baghdad and Tigris and Euphrates rivers - 1526 : killed king of Hungary at the battle of Mohacs - Made strong navy - known by ottomans as "Suleyman Kanuni" [the lawgiver] - issued many //kanun// [laws]

<span style="color: rgb(241, 26, 255)">Women in the Ottoman Empire...
<span style="color: rgb(158, 10, 205)">- Ottomans essentially copied Chinggis Khan's thoughts on women, meaning the ruler's mother and first/favorite concubine has special privileges and authority - many people believed that the women had considerable power because their husband would consult them/get advice from them <span style="color: rgb(158, 10, 205)">

<span style="color: rgb(3, 12, 186)">Columbian Exchange and the Ottoman Empire...
<span style="color: rgb(107, 0, 224)"> - Ottomans began using coffee and tobacco a lot - started using new foods [such as tomatoes, etc...] - coffehouses arose and became exceedingly popular due to the rise of coffee and tobacco usage - not all were pleased with people's indulgences in coffee/tobacco - new food crops-->food surpluses-->population rise <span style="color: rgb(107, 0, 224)">

<span style="color: rgb(247, 2, 28)">Trade...
<span style="color: rgb(250, 20, 177)"><span style="color: rgb(254, 160, 226)"> <span style="color: rgb(250, 10, 210)">- the ottomans had extensive long-distance/global trade routes - they traded silks, spices, heavier merchandise, ect... - they allowed english and french merchants to use their trade routes to keep alliances strong against ottoman enemies [spain, central europe, etc...] -improved communication and transportation techniques led to a reduced need for Ottoman intermediaries.

<span style="color: rgb(10, 204, 5)">Religious Diversity...
<span style="color: rgb(15, 245, 145)">- mainly muslim - also contained large numbers of christians and jews [in Balkans, Armenia, Lebanon, and Egypt] - followers did not have to convert to islam - //dhimmi// : non-converts considered protected peoples; had to pay special tax [//jizya//]; their communities retained their personal freedoms, property, and maintained their own legal affiars - //millet// : autonomous religious communities; had their own civil laws, traditions, and languages <span style="color: rgb(20, 250, 145)">

<span style="color: rgb(225, 115, 9)">Istanbul...
<span style="color: rgb(237, 136, 84)">- ottomans took pride in Istanbul - after ottoman take over Istanbul became bustling, proserous city with a population of over 1 million people - contained Sultan's palace, Topkapi palace [ housed goverment offices and meeting for imperial councils], and building with amazing architecture