5-Ottoman

=Ottoman Empire, 1750-1914=

=Political= - Tempo of reform increased rapidly during tanzimat (reorganization) era. - Wanted capitulations lifted and Ottoman sovregnty recovered. - Using French legal system as guide promagulated a commercial code, penal code, mantime code, and a new civil code. - Also safe-guarded the rights of the Ottoman subjects. - During young Turk era, emporer Abd al-Hamid forced to accept constitution that limited his authority. - Within a year he suspended the constitution. - Janissares protested; Mahmud had them massacred.

=Economic= - Volume of trade declined in Ottoman empire because European merchants increased circumventing Ottoman intermediaries. - Ottoman artisans and craftworkers led urban riots to protest foriegn imports because there was pressure on them to produce manufactured goods. - Ottoman empire became financially dependant because Europe financed the construction of railroads, utilities, and mining enterprises. - 1882- was unable to pay interest on its loans and had to accept foreign administration of its debt.

=Religious= - Educational reforms undermined the Wama, who controlled religous education for Muslims. - Religous conservatives argued that reforms posed a threat to the empire's Islamic foundation. - Devout Muslims opposed legal equality to Jews and Christians.

=Social= -Military decline meant troops suffered breakdown, no longer backbone of the empire. - Mahmud wanted a European style army. - He undermined the power of the Ulama. - Young Ottomans desired individual rights and a constitutional government. - Young Turks, called for universial suffrage, secularization of state, and free public education.

=Intellectual= - Mahmud II created new secondary education. - Newly established scientific, technical, and military schools. - No more mosque schools.

=(Technology)= - Ottoman forces were behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, and training.

=Near Geographic= - In 1800, empire ruled the North African coast, present day Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Iraq, and the area around Mecca. - By 1977, they had lost Northern Algeria, Romania, and Greece. - By 1914, they had lost the rest of their African territory and Bulgaria, leaving them with Turkey, Iraq, and the Mecca area.