3-Ottoman

=(Ottomans), 1750-1914=

=Political=
 * Russian &amp; Austrian invasions--&gt; Ottoman territory loss
 * Muhammud Ali takes Egypt &amp; threatens the empire's collapse
 * Young Turks take power &amp; form a cabinet who institutes a constition over the sultan (constitution later suspended)
 * Janissarys are corrupt ---&gt; weak military
 * Tanzimat reform

=Economic=
 * economic ills aggravated the military and political problems of the Ottoman state.
 * trading declined throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.
 * economic development of constructing railroads, utilities, and mining enterprises led to debt because of depending too much on foreign trade.

=Religious=
 * islamic into secularization

= =

Social
=Intellectual=
 * multicultural, multilingual, multiethnic
 * serfdom was little more than slavery but most landowners considered it as a guarantee of social stability
 * The Ottomans undertook the Tanizimat reforms, a "reorganization era"
 * These reforms attacked the law &amp; set up codes:a new civil code(1850), penal code(1858), a marintime code(1863)
 * Educational reforms undermined the ulma, who controled the Muslim education system in 1869, provided free &amp; compusory primary

=Technology=
 * The Ottomans had a declining agricultural government, which despritly neede technological improvement
 * Ottoman reformers went to Europe and the U.S to experience industrialization
 * They sought to remodel their own societies along the lines of the Industrial lands.
 * However, they also faced many confrontations with the other Indusrialized lands.

=Near Geographic=
 * near Persia, the Russian Empire, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, The Red Sea and the Arabian Sea.